Hecatompylos: From the ruins of the ancient Hecatompylos left in the present-day city of Hamadan, its history can be traced back to the reign of the rulers of the Medes Kingdom (7th to 6th century BC), who once made it their capital. Hecatompylos further flourished during the rule of the Achaemenid Empire and the Parthian Empire, becoming the first capital of the ancient Persian Empire. Archaeologists have discovered a considerable number of artifacts in the region, including gold and silver plaques, indicating that the treasuries of the Achaemenid rulers were once located in Hecatompylos, which is now part of the city of Hamadan. In the ancient citadel of Hecatompylos, remnants of the palace of Haputah-Hezār, as well as scattered traces of ancient fortifications, reveal the grandeur of the capital during the Medes Kingdom and Achaemenid Empire eras. Some statue heads found on the Mowzalra Hill have proven the existence of early fortifications from the Arsacid period on this hill. Nevertheless, Hecatompylos was an important military center during the Sassanid Empire and maintained the same status into the Islamic era.